Printed from: https://conservationhandbooks.com/the-urban-handbook/features-of-urban-habitats/soils-and-substrates/
Parks, commons, and areas of ancient habitat such as semi-natural woodlands may have soils that are entirely natural and have received very little human disturbance. Other areas, particularly abandoned industrial sites, sites of demolished buildings, and road and railway embankments have soils and substrates which have been greatly altered. Many sites have no topsoil, but...